Gene Wars Iso

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Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the WARSgene.^[5][6][7]

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a mitochondrial form, named WARS2. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS) catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with tryptophan and is induced by interferon. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Four transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene.^[7]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000140105 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. ^ ^abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021266 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. ^'Human PubMed Reference:'. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. ^'Mouse PubMed Reference:'. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. ^Buwitt U, Flohr T, Bottger EC (Mar 1992). 'Molecular cloning and characterization of an interferon induced human cDNA with sequence homology to a mammalian peptide chain release factor'. EMBO J. 11 (2): 489–96. PMC556479. PMID1537332.
6. ^Fleckner J, Rasmussen HH, Justesen J (Feb 1992). 'Human interferon gamma potently induces the synthesis of a 55-kDa protein (gamma 2) highly homologous to rabbit peptide chain release factor and bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase'. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 88 (24): 11520–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.24.11520. PMC53167. PMID1763065.
7. ^ ^ab'Entrez Gene: WARS tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase'.

Further reading[edit]

• Ewalt KL, Schimmel P (2002). 'Activation of angiogenic signaling pathways by two human tRNA synthetases'. Biochemistry. 41 (45): 13344–9. doi:10.1021/bi020537k. PMID12416978.
• Rasmussen HH, van Damme J, Puype M, et al. (1993). 'Microsequences of 145 proteins recorded in the two-dimensional gel protein database of normal human epidermal keratinocytes'. Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 960–9. doi:10.1002/elps.11501301199. PMID1286667.
• Bange FC, Flohr T, Buwitt U, Böttger EC (1992). 'An interferon-induced protein with release factor activity is a tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase'. FEBS Lett. 300 (2): 162–6. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80187-L. PMID1373391.
• Rubin BY, Anderson SL, Xing L, et al. (1992). 'Interferon induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase expression in human fibroblasts'. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (36): 24245–8. PMID1761529.
• Frolova LYu, Sudomoina MA, Grigorieva AYu, et al. (1992). 'Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the structural gene encoding for human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase'. Gene. 109 (2): 291–6. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90624-K. PMID1765274.
• Frolova LY, Grigorieva AY, Sudomoina MA, Kisselev LL (1993). 'The human gene encoding tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase: interferon-response elements and exon-intron organization'. Gene. 128 (2): 237–45. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90568-N. PMID7685728.
• Popenko VI, Cherny NE, Beresten SF, et al. (1994). 'Immunoelectron microscopic location of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase in mammalian, prokaryotic and archaebacterial cells'. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 62 (2): 248–58. PMID7925483.
• Børglum AD, Flint T, Tommerup N, et al. (1996). 'Assignment of the human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene (WARS) to chromosome 14q32.2 --> q32.32'. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 73 (1–2): 99–103. doi:10.1159/000134317. PMID8646895.
• Sokolova IV, Narovlianskiĭ AN, Amchenkova AM, Turpaev KT (1996). '[Alternative splicing of 5'-terminal exons of the human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene]'. Mol. Biol. (Mosk.). 30 (2): 319–29. PMID8724762.
• Krause SW, Rehli M, Kreutz M, et al. (1996). 'Differential screening identifies genetic markers of monocyte to macrophage maturation'. J. Leukoc. Biol. 60 (4): 540–5. PMID8864140.
• Yuan W, Collado-Hidalgo A, Yufit T, et al. (1998). 'Modulation of cellular tryptophan metabolism in human fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta: selective inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene expression'. J. Cell. Physiol. 177 (1): 174–86. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199810)177:1<174::AID-JCP18>3.0.CO;2-D. PMID9731757.
• Jensen LL, Nielsen MM, Justesen J, Hansen LL (2001). 'Assignment of human NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex 3 (NDUFB3) and of its four pseudogenes to human chromosomes 2q31.3, 1p13.3→p13.1, 9q32→q34.1, 14q22.3→q23.1 and 14q32.2 by radiation hybrid mapping'. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 93 (1–2): 147–50. doi:10.1159/000056973. PMID11474204.
• Otani A, Slike BM, Dorrell MI, et al. (2002). 'A fragment of human TrpRS as a potent antagonist of ocular angiogenesis'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (1): 178–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.012601899. PMC117535. PMID11773625.
• Wakasugi K, Slike BM, Hood J, et al. (2002). 'A human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase as a regulator of angiogenesis'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (1): 173–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.012602099. PMC117534. PMID11773626.
• Sang Lee J, Gyu Park S, Park H, et al. (2002). 'Interaction network of human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and subunits of elongation factor 1 complex'. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291 (1): 158–64. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2002.6398. PMID11829477.
• Guo Q, Gong Q, Tong KL, et al. (2002). 'Recognition by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases of discriminator base on tRNATrp from three biological domains'. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (16): 14343–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111745200. PMID11834741.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). 'Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC139241. PMID12477932.